ࡱ> u@ D%bjbj .jc        hhh8\T y@(hhhfyhyhyhyhyhyhy$'{Ry}`y i#hhiiy  ?Jy p p pi p fy pify pB pOpVw@| zx hjw fyy0yxx}nB}zx      } zxh i pi 'ihhhyy  o  Using the PICAXE microcontroller The basic PICAXE-18 circuit is shown below.  The 4k7 resistor is used to pull the PICAXE microcontrollers reset pin (pin 4) high. If desired, a reset switch can also be connected between the reset pin (pin 4) and 0V. When the switch is pushed the PICAXE microcontroller resets to the first line in the program. The PICAXE system uses a very simple interface to the computer serial port. It uses up two of the input pins but that normally doesnt matter. 1 This program switches output 7 on and off every second. This should flash the top led in the 8 LED display. pause 500 means wait 500mS (=0.5 second). Note the semi-colon after the label main. Click the Run button  when youre ready.  main: high 7 pause 500 low 7 pause 500 goto main Now try to get LEDs 0,2,4,6 to flash alternately with LEDs 1,3,5,7 2 You can turn several outputs on and off with a single command using let pins=%11110000 That would turn LEDs 4-7 on and LEDs 0-3 off. Change the ones to zeroes and vice-versa for the opposite effect. Now it should be easy to create various effects. Try you hand at a bargraph effect. Here is the bar going up can you bring it back down again? main: let pins=%00000001 pause 100 let pins=%00000011 pause 100 let pins=%00000111 pause 100 let pins=%00001111 pause 100 let pins=%00011111 pause 100 let pins=%00111111 pause 100 let pins=%01111111 pause 100 let pins=%11111111 pause 100 3 It is often useful to repeat the same part of a program a number of times, for instance when flashing an LED. In these cases a for ... next loop can be used. This program flashes each LED in turn and then repeats. The number of times the code has been repeated is stored in the RAM memory of the PICAXE chip using variable b0 (the PICAXE contains 14 general purpose variables labelled b0 to b13). These variables can be renamed using the symbol command to make them easier to remember.  symbol counter = b0 ` define variable "counter" main: for counter= 0 to 7 ` start a for...next loop high counter ` switch a pin high pause 300 ` wait for 0.3 second low counter ` switch the pin low pause 300 ` wait for 0.3 second next counter ` end of for ... next loop goto main ` repeat forever Change the 8 LED board to the board with LEDs in a circle. What happens now? Can you make two LEDs run round the circle in opposite directions? What other effects can you create? 4 Sometimes it can be hard to remember which pins are connected to which devices. The symbol command can be used at the start of a program to rename the inputs and outputs. Note this simple program assumes connection of a buzzer to output pin 4. Note the new wait command which waits whole seconds. symbol buzzer = 4 ` rename output4 buzzer' main: ` make a label called main'  low buzzer ` buzzer off wait 1 ` wait 1 second high buzzer ` buzzer on wait 1 ` wait 1 second goto main ` jump back to the start 5 Buzzers will make a noise when they are connected to a power supply. This noise is usually fixed at one frequency and so buzzers can only make one tone. Piezo-sounders use a crystal to create noises, and can be used to make different tones by providing them with a pulsed output. The PICAXE system can automatically create sounds of different frequencies by use of the sound command. To test this program you must attach a piezo sounder block. main: sound 4,(50,100) ` make a sound on 4, freq 50, length 100  sound 4,(100,100) ` sound on 4, f=100, length 100 sound 4,(120,100) ` sound on 4, f=120, length 100 pause 500 ` wait 0.5 second goto main ` loop back to start The first number provides the pin number. The next number is the tone or frequency, followed by the duration. The higher the tone number the higher pitch the sound (note that some sounders cannot produce very high tones and so number greater than 127 may not be heard). 6 Try the following programs using the sound command. This one uses a fornext loop to produce 120 different sounds. main: for b0 = 1 to 120 ` start a for ... next loop sound 4,(b0,5) ` sound on pin 4, freq value from b0 next b0 ` next loop goto main The number stored in variable b0 increases by 1 in every loop (1-2-3 etc). Therefore by using the variable name b0 in the tone position, the note can be changed on each loop. The following program does a similar task but backwards. main: for b0 = 120 to 70 step -1 ` start a for...next loop ` (counting down) sound 4, (b0,5) ` sound on pin 4, freq b0 next b0 ` next loop goto main This next program will give out all 256 possible sounds main: sound 4, (b0,10) ` make a sound let b0 = b0 + 1 ` add 1 to the variable value goto main ` loop again This program loops forever so why are there only 256 possible sounds? This is because of the way the PICAXE performs mathematics. The PICAXE only understands byte numbers, that is, whole numbers between 0 and 255. It cannot understand fractions and cannot work with negative numbers or numbers bigger than 255. Therefore if you try to add one to 255 the number will overflow back to 0. Therefore, in the program above, the value in variable b0 will go 252-253-254-255-01-2 etc as the program loops. 7 The following program uses a seven segment display block to show a counter. As it stands it only goes from 0 to 3. Can you make it count all the way to 9? main: let pins = %01111110 ` digit 0 pause 250 ` wait 0.25 second let pins = %00001100 ` digit 1 pause 250 ` wait 0.25 second let pins = %10110110 ` digit 2 pause 250 ` wait 0.25 second  Each 1 in the pins value means that a segment is switched on, and each zero means that segment is off. The segments match the pin positions so that a one in the 7 position turns on segment g in the middle. So for a three you need to turn on segments a,b,c,d, and g. Check the diagram below for the other numbers.  76543210 gfedcbap 8 You can also use inputs with a PICAXE. Here we use a simple top switch block. The switch is in a potential divider circuit so that the output of the block is normally held low (zero), but when the switch is pressed the blocks output goes high (one). You can test this with the PICAXE. The switch is on input pin 1. main: if input1=1 then light if switch pressed jump low 4 make sure LED is off goto main do it again light: high 4 new label turn LED on goto main check switch again Here is another program which flashes a different LED depending on whether the switch is pressed. main: if input1=1 then flash1 jump if input is high high 7 output 7 on goto flash7 flash1: high 1 output 1 on flash7: pause 200 wait 0.2 seconds let pins=%00000000 turn all outputs off pause 200 wait 0.2 seconds goto main jump back to start Using the 7 segment display, can you create a circuit which counts the number of times the switch is pressed? Here is the first part: symbol count = b0 set up an alias init: count = 0 start count at zero main: if input1 = 1 then add1 jump if key pressed pause 50 give key time to settle ... you do the rest!  FILENAME 2 Using the PICAXE microcontroller.doc www.school-electronics.co.uk page  PAGE 1 a d g b c e f p Challenge: Can you make LED 4 come on as 7 goes off, and go off when 7 comes on? Challenge: Can you make the LEDs count in binary? 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